A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Mathematics Version 3.1 by Joseph Fields

A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Mathematics Version 3.1 by Joseph Fields
Category
Mathematics Books
Language English
File Type PDF
PDF 1
Views 254 views
File Size & Downloads Size 2.6 MiB
Downloads 64

Short Desciption:

This "A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Mathematics Version 3.1 by Joseph Fields" book is available in PDF Formate. Downlod free this book, Learn from this free book and enhance your skills ...

Contents
1 Introduction and notation 1
1.1 Basic sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Definitions: Prime numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 More scary notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4 Definitions of elementary number theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.1 Even and odd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.2 Decimal and base-n notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.3 Divisibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.4 Floor and ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.5 Div and mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.6 Binomial coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5 Some algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.6 Rational and irrational numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.7 Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2 Logic and quantifiers 55
2.1 Predicates and Logical Connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2 Implication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3 Logical equivalences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.4 Two-column proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.5 Quantified statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.6 Deductive reasoning and Argument forms . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.7 Validity of arguments and common errors . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

3 Proof techniques I . . . . . . . . 119
3.1 Direct proofs of universal statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.2 More direct proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.3 Contradiction and contraposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.4 Disproofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.5 By cases and By exhaustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.6 Existential statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4 Sets 165
4.1 Basic notions of set theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.2 Containment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.3 Set operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.4 Venn diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.5 Russell’s Paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5 Proof techniques II | Induction 201
5.1 The principle of mathematical induction . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.2 Formulas for sums and products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.3 Other proofs using PMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.4 The strong form of mathematical induction . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6 Relations and functions 233
6.1 Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
6.2 Properties of relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3 Equivalence relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
6.4 Ordering relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.5 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
6.6 Special functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
7 Proof techniques III | Combinatorics 293 
7.1 Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.2 Parity and Counting arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.3 The pigeonhole principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
7.4 The algebra of combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
8 Cardinality 339
8.1 Equivalent sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.2 Examples of set equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
8.3 Cantor’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.4 Dominance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
8.5 CH and GCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9 Proof techniques IV | Magic 381
9.1 Morley’s miracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.2 Five steps into the void . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
9.3 Monge’s circle theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 

Index  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 

Related posts